A turbocharger or turbo is a gas compressor, used for forced-induction of an internal combustion engine. It is a form of supercharger to increases the compactness of air entering the engine to form more power. It has the compressor that powered by a turbine, driven by the engine's own exhaust gases, rather than direct mechanical drive as with many other superchargers.
Basic working principle: It is constructed to convert exhaust heat as well as pressure to rotational force, which is in turn used to drive the compressor. However, the compressor draws in ambient air and pumps it in to the intake manifold at increased pressure. As an end result greater mass of air enters in the cylinders on each intake stroke.
Components: It consists of three main components. 1) The turbine (almost always a radial turbine), 2) Impeller/compressor wheels are each contained within their own folded conical housing on opposite sides of the third component and 3) The center housing/hub rotating assembly (CHRA).
Applications:
Automotive applications: Turbocharging is very general on diesel engines in automobiles, trucks, locomotives, boats and ships, and heavy machinery. Intended for current automotive applications, non-turbocharged diesel engines are becoming increasingly rare. The compact nature of a turbocharger means that bodywork and engine compartment layout changes to accommodate the more powerful engine are not needed. Parts common to the two versions of the same engine reduces production and servicing costs.
Motorcycle applications: 1978 - Kawasaki Z1R TC is the first example of a turbochargedbike. It used a Rayjay ATP turbo kit to build 2.3 kg (5 lb) of boost, bringing power up from c. 90 hp (67 kW) to c. 105 hp (78 kW). However, it was a tad faster compare to the standard model.
Aircraft applications: Turbocharger is used with aircraft engines. As an aircraft climbs to higher altitudes the pressure of the surrounding air quickly falls off because at 5,486 m (18,000 ft) the air is at half the pressure of sea level, and the airframe only experiences half the aerodynamic drag. Since the charge in the cylinders is being pushed inside through this air pressure which means that the engine will normally produce only half-power at full throttle at this altitude.
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